Ukuqala koBusika: Imvelaphi yezeMbali kunye noBaluleko kwiMigaqo yeSolar yaseTshayina engama-24

Njengoko umoya opholileyo uzinza kwaye neentsuku zisiba mfutshane, utshintsho ukusuka ekwindla ukuya ebusika luphawulwa lixesha elibalulekileyo elaziwa ngokuba “kuKuqala koBusika” (立冬, Lìdōng) kwikhalenda yenyanga yaseTshayina. Eli gama lelinye lamagama angama-24 elanga athe asetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane ukukhokela iindlela zolimo, imisebenzi yenkcubeko, kunye nemibhiyozo yamaxesha onyaka eTshayina. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yembali yokuQala koBusika kunye nendawo yayo ngaphakathi kwesakhelo semiqathango yelanga yaseTshayina engama-24 kunika ingqiqo kwinkcubeko etyebileyo yenkcubeko yaseTshayina kunye noqhagamshelwano lwayo olunzulu kwindalo.

 

 

 

AmaTshayina angama-24 aMagama eSolar: Isishwankathelo

 

Ingqikelelo yamagama elanga ibuyela kwi-China yakudala, kunye neerekhodi zokuqala ezivela kwimibhalo evela kwi-Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). Amagama elanga angama-24 ahlula unyaka welanga ube ngamacandelo ahambelana nokutshintsha kwamaxesha onyaka, iimeko zemozulu kunye nemijikelo yezolimo. Ikota nganye ithatha malunga neentsuku ezili-15, iphawula amanqaku abalulekileyo kwikhalenda yelanga. La magama akapheleli nje ekuboniseni indalo kodwa akwanceda abalimi ukuba babone awona maxesha afanelekileyo okulima, okuvuna, neminye imisebenzi yokulima.

 

Amagama angama-24 elanga ami ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

 

1. Ukuqala kweNtwasahlobo (立春, Lìchūn)

2.Amanzi emvula (amanzi emvula, Yǔshuǐ)

3.Ukuvuswa kwezinambuzane

4.Spring Equinox (春 Equinox, Chūnfēn)

5.Icacile kwaye iKhanya (清明, Qīngmíng)

6.Imvula eziziinkozo (古雨, Gǔyǔ)

7. Ukuqala kweHlobo (Lixia, Lìxià)

8.Ukutya okuziinkozo (小满, Xiǎomǎn)

9.I-solstice yasehlotyeni (ilanga lasehlotyeni, iXiàzhì)

10.Ubushushu obuncinane (小热, Xiǎoshǔ)

11. Ubushushu obukhulu (大热, Dàshǔ)

12. Ukuqala kweNkwindla (立秋, Lìqiū)

13. Ukuphela kobushushu (Ukuphela kobushushu, Chùshǔ)

14.Ukwindla iEquinox (Ekwindla yeEquinox, Qiūfēn)

15. Umbethe obandayo (Hanlu, Hánlù)

16.Ukwehla kukaFrost (Ukwehla kukaFrost, Shuāngjiàng)

17. Ukuqala koBusika (立冬, Lìdōng)

18.Ikhephu eliKhanya (小雪, Xiǎoxuě)

19. Ikhephu elinzima (大雪, Dàxuě)

20.Isolstice yaseBusika (iSolstice yaseBusika, iDōngzhì)

21.Kubanda Kancinane (小Han, Xiǎohán)

22.Kubanda kakhulu (大汉, Dàhán)

23. Ukuqala kweNtwasahlobo (立春, Lìchūn)

24. Amanzi emvula (amanzi emvula, Yǔshuǐ)

 

Phakathi kwezi, uKuqalwa koBusika kuphawuleka ngokukodwa njengoko kubonisa ukuqala kwexesha elibandayo lonyaka.

 

Imvelaphi yeMbali yokuQala koBusika

 

Ukuqala koBusika ngokuqhelekileyo kubhiyozelwa ngoNovemba 7 okanye 8, kuxhomekeke kunyaka, xa ilanga lifikelela kwi-longitude yesibhakabhaka ye-225 degrees. Eli gama lelanga alilophawu nje lokutshintsha kwemozulu; igxile kwimbali ebalulekileyo kunye nezenzo zenkcubeko eziye zavela kwimillennia.

 

Imvelaphi yokuQala koBusika inokulandelwa emva kuluntu lwamandulo lwezolimo eTshayina. Kwangexesha leZhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE), amaTshayina ayeneliso elibukhali lendalo, kwaye aphuhlisa inkqubo yekhalenda ebonisa izingqi zendalo. Ukuqala koBusika yayilixesha lokuba abalimi bazilungiselele iimeko ezinzima ezizayo. Yayilixesha lokucingisisa nokucwangcisa, njengoko abalimi babehlola izivuno zabo baze benze amalungiselelo ayimfuneko eenyanga zasebusika.

 

Kumaxesha amandulo, uKuqala koBusika kwakukwanxulunyaniswa nezithethe ezahlukeneyo kunye nezithethe ezijoliswe ekuqinisekiseni isivuno esihle kunyaka ozayo. Abantu babenikela amadini kwizithixo nakwiminyanya, befuna iintsikelelo zeentsapho nezityalo zabo. Ezi zithethe zazidla ngokuquka ukutya ukutya okwenziwa ngamaxesha athile onyaka, ekwakukholeleka ukuba kunika amandla nokufudumala ebudeni beenyanga ezibandayo.

 

Ukubaluleka kweNkcubeko ekuQaleni koBusika

 

Ukuqala koBusika ayisosiphawuli nje sexesha lonyaka; lixesha lokubaluleka kwenkcubeko ehambelana nemiba eyahlukeneyo yobomi baseTshayina. Eli gama lihlala linxulunyaniswa nombono "wokugcina amandla" kwiinyanga zasebusika, ngokwenyama nangokomoya. Le ngcamango ibonakaliswe kumayeza endabuko aseTshayina, egxininisa ukubaluleka kokondla umzimba kunye nokugcina ukulinganisela ngexesha elibandayo.

 

Esinye sezithethe eziphawulekayo ezinxulumene nokuQala koBusika kukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa kokutya okukhethekileyo. Kwimimandla emininzi yaseTshayina, iintsapho ziyahlanganisana ukuze zonwabele izitya ezityebileyo ezinezondlo nokufudumala. Ukutya okunjengamadombolo, imbiza eshushu, kunye nesityu ezahlukahlukeneyo zithandwa ngeli xesha, nto leyo ebonisa imfuneko yokufudumala kunye nokutya njengoko amaqondo obushushu ehla.

 

Ukongeza kwizithethe zokupheka, i-Beginning of Winter nayo lixesha leendibano zentsapho kunye nemisebenzi yentlalo. Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa ithuba lokutyelela izalamane nabahlobo, besomeleza ubuhlobo babo baze babe nesabelo kububele bothando. Oku kugxininiswa kwintsapho kunye noluntu luphawu lwenkcubeko yaseTshayina, kwaye i-Beginning of Winter isebenza njengesikhumbuzo sokubaluleka kolu nxibelelwano.

 

Ukuqala koBusika kumaxesha angoku

 

Kwi-China yangoku, ukuQalwa koBusika kuyaqhubeka kubhiyozelwa, nangona kukho utshintsho kwizithethe nakwizenzo. Ngelixa izithethe ezininzi zemveli zigciniwe, iindlela zokuphila zanamhlanje ziye zaphembelela indlela abantu abalijonga ngayo eli xesha lelanga. Ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini kunye nobume obukhawulezayo bobomi beli xesha bukhokelele kutshintsho ekugxilweni kulo, abantu abaninzi bebeka phambili ukulunga kunezithethe.

 

Nangona kunjalo, undoqo wokuQala koBusika uhlala unjalo. Kwizixeko kulo lonke elase China, abantu basakonwabela ukutya kwamaxesha onyaka kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwiindibano zosapho. Eli gama lisebenza njengesikhumbuzo somjikelo wobomi kunye nokubaluleka kokuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwamaxesha onyaka. Ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bacinge ngobomi babo, babeke iinjongo zeenyanga ezizayo, kwaye bamkele ukufudumala koluntu kunye nosapho.

 

Ukuqukumbela

 

Ukuqala koBusika ligama elibalulekileyo lelanga kwikhalenda yaseTshayina, ephawula inguqulelo ukuya kwelona xesha libandayo lonyaka. Imvelaphi yayo ngokwembali isekelwe nzulu kwizenzo zezolimo, izithethe zenkcubeko, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwezingqi zendalo. Njengexesha lokucingisisa, ukulungiselela, kunye noluntu, uKuqalwa koBusika kuyaqhubeka nokubamba ukubaluleka kuluntu lwangoku lwaseTshayina.

 

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kweli gama lelanga akwanelisi nje ukuxabisa inkcubeko yamaTshayina kodwa kukwaqaqambisa imixholo yendalo yonke yotshintsho, ukomelela, kunye nokubaluleka konxibelelwano nendalo kunye nomnye. Njengoko sikwamkela ingqele yasebusika, sikhunjuzwa ngobubele obuvela kwintsapho, kubahlobo, namava esiba nawo asidibanisayo.